 Basic technical terms Technical terms terms regarding irregularity seen in coatings or films |
Coating
A collective term used to represent liquid or solid materials that are applied on the surface of an object to achieve the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes (insulation, anti-corrosion, markings, etc).
Organic coating
Main substance that constitutes the film is made up of organic materials Inorganic coating
Inorganic coating
Main substance that constitutes the film is made up of inorganic materials
Paint
Coatings that contain colouring pigments. When applied to a substrate, it can form a film that achieves the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes.
Putty, filler
Paste-like-coating which is used to eliminate small dents on the surface of a substrate.
Primer
When coatings are applied in many layers, it is to be directly applied on the surface of the substrate.
Finish, top coat
Paint or varnish that is applied as the last layer when many layers of coatings are applied.
Varnish
Coating which does not contain colouring pigments. When applied on a substrate, it forms a layer of transparent film that achieves the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes.
Colored varnish
Transparent coating containing colored pigments
Solvent based coating
Coatings that has an organic solvent base
Water (based) paint, water based coating
Coating using water as the only or main medium
Powder coating
Powder-like coating which does not contain a solvent
Two-component coating, two-pack coating
Coating which requires the mixing of two components according specific ratios before usage
Medium, vehicle
Normally refers to the liquefied component in paints
Binder
Non-volatile component of coating. It can form coating films and coagulate color pigments.
Film former, forming material
A special material that is able to form a continuous film that has a certain degree of hardness by itself Resin
Resin
A solid, semi-solid. or pseudo-solid polymer which does not have a fixed molecular weight. It can sometimes be a liquid polymer. It changes its state according to a temperature range. During its softened stage, stress will cause it to flow.
Plasticizer
A substance that is able to enhance the flexibility of a coating film.
Solvent
Substance that evaporates under dry conditions; a one component or polycomponent liquid that can completely dissolve a coating base.
Co-solvent
Substance that evaporates under dry conditions; it does not dissolve coatings by itself, but when mixed with solvents in an appropriate ratio, it can enhance the dissolving power of the solvent.
Thinner
A one component or polycomponent volatile liquid. When added to coatings, viscosity is reduced.
Pigment
Usually in powder form; a colored substance that does not dissolve in a medium. It is widely used in coatings due to its optical, protecting, and decorating ability
Inorganic pigment
A type of pigment that contains inorganic chemical components
Organic pigment
A type of pigment that contains organic chemical components
Extender, filler
Substance that usually appears white or slightly colored. It is a type of pigment having a refractive power of less than 1.7. Widely used in coatings due to its chemical or physical properties.
Dye-stuff
A colored solvent that dissolves in a medium; It is either natural or synthetic. It provides colors to coatings.
Drier
An organic metal compound that can usually be dissolved in organic solvents or coating bases. When added moderately to oxidized drying coatings, it can speed up the drying process.
Substrate
Various types of material which coatings can be applied on; this refers mainly to the surface of the material.
Coat
A continuous film which is obtained from painting the coatings once
Film, paint film
Continuous layers formed on the substrate after applying the coatings
Drying
A process where a liquid film is transformed to a solid film.
Air drying
A natural drying process where room temperature is used to dry a film.
Baking, stoving
A process where heat is used to dry a film.
A collective term used to represent liquid or solid materials that are applied on the surface of an object to achieve the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes (insulation, anti-corrosion, markings, etc).
Organic coating
Main substance that constitutes the film is made up of organic materials Inorganic coating
Inorganic coating
Main substance that constitutes the film is made up of inorganic materials
Paint
Coatings that contain colouring pigments. When applied to a substrate, it can form a film that achieves the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes.
Putty, filler
Paste-like-coating which is used to eliminate small dents on the surface of a substrate.
Primer
When coatings are applied in many layers, it is to be directly applied on the surface of the substrate.
Finish, top coat
Paint or varnish that is applied as the last layer when many layers of coatings are applied.
Varnish
Coating which does not contain colouring pigments. When applied on a substrate, it forms a layer of transparent film that achieves the purpose of protection, decoration or other special purposes.
Colored varnish
Transparent coating containing colored pigments
Solvent based coating
Coatings that has an organic solvent base
Water (based) paint, water based coating
Coating using water as the only or main medium
Powder coating
Powder-like coating which does not contain a solvent
Two-component coating, two-pack coating
Coating which requires the mixing of two components according specific ratios before usage
Medium, vehicle
Normally refers to the liquefied component in paints
Binder
Non-volatile component of coating. It can form coating films and coagulate color pigments.
Film former, forming material
A special material that is able to form a continuous film that has a certain degree of hardness by itself Resin
Resin
A solid, semi-solid. or pseudo-solid polymer which does not have a fixed molecular weight. It can sometimes be a liquid polymer. It changes its state according to a temperature range. During its softened stage, stress will cause it to flow.
Plasticizer
A substance that is able to enhance the flexibility of a coating film.
Solvent
Substance that evaporates under dry conditions; a one component or polycomponent liquid that can completely dissolve a coating base.
Co-solvent
Substance that evaporates under dry conditions; it does not dissolve coatings by itself, but when mixed with solvents in an appropriate ratio, it can enhance the dissolving power of the solvent.
Thinner
A one component or polycomponent volatile liquid. When added to coatings, viscosity is reduced.
Pigment
Usually in powder form; a colored substance that does not dissolve in a medium. It is widely used in coatings due to its optical, protecting, and decorating ability
Inorganic pigment
A type of pigment that contains inorganic chemical components
Organic pigment
A type of pigment that contains organic chemical components
Extender, filler
Substance that usually appears white or slightly colored. It is a type of pigment having a refractive power of less than 1.7. Widely used in coatings due to its chemical or physical properties.
Dye-stuff
A colored solvent that dissolves in a medium; It is either natural or synthetic. It provides colors to coatings.
Drier
An organic metal compound that can usually be dissolved in organic solvents or coating bases. When added moderately to oxidized drying coatings, it can speed up the drying process.
Substrate
Various types of material which coatings can be applied on; this refers mainly to the surface of the material.
Coat
A continuous film which is obtained from painting the coatings once
Film, paint film
Continuous layers formed on the substrate after applying the coatings
Drying
A process where a liquid film is transformed to a solid film.
Air drying
A natural drying process where room temperature is used to dry a film.
Baking, stoving
A process where heat is used to dry a film.
Pigment volume concentration
Ratio between the volume of pigments in color varnish, body pigments, other solid pigments, and the volume of non-volatile materials; usually represented in percentages (%).
Non-volatile matter
Residue obtained after evaporation under controlled experimental condition
Volatile matter
Missing substance after evaporation under controlled experimental condition
Pigment/binder matter
Ratio between pigments in colored coatings (including body pigment) and coating base’s volume (or mass)
Pot-life
The longest life-span after mixing polycomponent coatings
Curing
A process which coagulates or concentrates coatings layers by heating or other chemical means.
Practical spreading rate
Under conditions of practical operation, it is the average surface area that can be covered by a unit volume (or mass) of colored coatings (or varnish) when a layer of coating is applied according to the specified procedures; usually measured in M2 or M2/kg.
Ratio between the volume of pigments in color varnish, body pigments, other solid pigments, and the volume of non-volatile materials; usually represented in percentages (%).
Non-volatile matter
Residue obtained after evaporation under controlled experimental condition
Volatile matter
Missing substance after evaporation under controlled experimental condition
Pigment/binder matter
Ratio between pigments in colored coatings (including body pigment) and coating base’s volume (or mass)
Pot-life
The longest life-span after mixing polycomponent coatings
Curing
A process which coagulates or concentrates coatings layers by heating or other chemical means.
Practical spreading rate
Under conditions of practical operation, it is the average surface area that can be covered by a unit volume (or mass) of colored coatings (or varnish) when a layer of coating is applied according to the specified procedures; usually measured in M2 or M2/kg.
terms regarding irregularity seen in coatings or films
Fattening
An expansion during the storage process of colored coatings. The thickness increases (not necessarily unusable) when chemical reactions occur among polycomponents of the coatings.
Flocculation
A phenomenon where agglomerates are formed in colored coatings or dispersion
Gelling
A phenomenon where coatings are changed from liquid form to unusable solid or semi-solid form
Skinning
A phenomenon where a skin of film is formed on the surface of the liquefied coatings in a container due to the process of oxidation polymerization.
Settling
A phenomenon where solid components of the coating sunk to the bottom of the container during the storage process.
Caking
This is where compact substances are formed by the settling of pigments in coatings and body pigments. It can not be easily separated by stirring.
Pig skin
The deterioration of the degree of grind fineness of coatings due to flocculation of pigments during the storage process.
Floating
A phenomenon where irregular dots or lines are saturated on the surface of the coatings due to the segregation or floating of one or a few pigments. It usually happens during the storage or drying process of coatings which contain a mixture of different pigments.
Flooding
An extreme condition of color floating where certain pigments float to the surface. This results in a difference between the uniform surface color and the original color when the coatings are wet.
Pin-holes
An irregular phenomenon where small holes the diameter of needles are formed on the surface of the film. This occurs when wet coatings are mixed with air bubbles. These bubbles burst and are unable to be smoothened before the coatings become dry. It can also be formed by the inappropriate treatment or inappropriate application (for example, having too thick layers) of the substrate.
Orange skin
An irregular phenomenon where the surface of the film appears like orange skin. It is commonly seem during the spraying of coatings (especially when the surface of the substrate is flat)
Blushing
A phenomenon where the surface of the film appears milky white during the drying process of gloss coatings. This is caused by the coagulation of moisture in air on the surface of the film, or the separation of one or more types of solid components in the coatings.
Runs, sags, curtains
Irregular layers of various shapes. These occur when the coating film moves downwards after coatings are applied on vertical surfaces. The layers are usually thicker towards the end. It is caused by inappropriate application of coatings or having layers that are too thick.
Brush mark
Thin lines that occur on the dry coating surface after brushing. Some of the causes are using coatings that dry too fast, using coatings that have too high viscosity, using brushes that are too hard, or inappropriate brushing techniques. These prevents coatings from being smoothened on the surface.
Cratering
A phenomenon where irregular, small, and round dents are formed after the drying of the coatings film.
Lifting
A phenomenon where dry coating films soften, develop slight cambers, or separate from the substrate (usually appeared like having wrinkles) during the application or drying process. It usually occurs when same or different types of coatings are applied on the dry coatings film.
Bleeding
A process where pigmented substance from inner layers (from the substrate or coatings film) starts to enter and diffuse into the outer layers of the film. It causes the film to have unexpected or changing colors.
Popping
A phenomenon where cone-shaped dents appear on the solidified coatings film when active substance pops in the substrate.
Fading
A phenomenon where the color of the coatings fade gradually due to climate and environmental effects. It is mainly caused by the decolorization of pigments in the coatings (especially certain types of organic pigments) under ultraviolet rays.
Yellowing
A process where coatings turn yellow due to the aging.
Loss of gloss
A phenomenon where the gloss of the coatings diminish due to the influence of weather conditions.
Whitening
A phenomenon where the surface of the coatings appear milky white due to an expansion in the shape of a honeycomb after the coatings are soaked in water or petroleum. Slight whitening will fade away after evaporation of the liquid, whereas serious whitening is irreversible even if the liquid evaporates.
Blistering
A process where layers of coatings lose adhesion power in certain parts, resulting in it being separated from the substrate. The blister may contain liquid, vapour, other types of gases, or crystallization.
Cracking
Non-continuous changing of appearance of the coatings film. It is caused by the aging of coatings.
Crocodiling (or alligatoring)
Wide and crocodile-like cracks on the coatings.
Peeling
A phenomenon where the one or more layers of coatings are separated from the substrate and the other layers.
Erosion
A phenomenon where the substrate is exposed due to natural wear and tear of the coatings film.
Chalking
A phenomenon where fine powder appear on the surface of the coatings film due to one or more types of degradation of the base coating, or the disintegration of pigments.
After tack
A phenomenon where tacking occurs on the original dry and non-tacking surface of the coatings film.
Note: This irregularity is caused by the secretion of liquid from short oil, bitumen, or other oxidizing material. It can also be caused by the secretion of gum rosin, oil, or plasticizing agent from the surface of the substrate. It is easily formed in high temperature or high humidity environments.
Mildew-growing
A phenomenon where mildews are grown on the surface of the coatings film in a humid and hot environment.
Rusting
A phenomenon where a layer of oxidized iron that is yellow or red appears on part or the whole surface of the steel beneath the coatings layer. It is usually accompanied with bubbling, cracking, or peeling of the coatings layer.
An expansion during the storage process of colored coatings. The thickness increases (not necessarily unusable) when chemical reactions occur among polycomponents of the coatings.
Flocculation
A phenomenon where agglomerates are formed in colored coatings or dispersion
Gelling
A phenomenon where coatings are changed from liquid form to unusable solid or semi-solid form
Skinning
A phenomenon where a skin of film is formed on the surface of the liquefied coatings in a container due to the process of oxidation polymerization.
Settling
A phenomenon where solid components of the coating sunk to the bottom of the container during the storage process.
Caking
This is where compact substances are formed by the settling of pigments in coatings and body pigments. It can not be easily separated by stirring.
Pig skin
The deterioration of the degree of grind fineness of coatings due to flocculation of pigments during the storage process.
Floating
A phenomenon where irregular dots or lines are saturated on the surface of the coatings due to the segregation or floating of one or a few pigments. It usually happens during the storage or drying process of coatings which contain a mixture of different pigments.
Flooding
An extreme condition of color floating where certain pigments float to the surface. This results in a difference between the uniform surface color and the original color when the coatings are wet.
Pin-holes
An irregular phenomenon where small holes the diameter of needles are formed on the surface of the film. This occurs when wet coatings are mixed with air bubbles. These bubbles burst and are unable to be smoothened before the coatings become dry. It can also be formed by the inappropriate treatment or inappropriate application (for example, having too thick layers) of the substrate.
Orange skin
An irregular phenomenon where the surface of the film appears like orange skin. It is commonly seem during the spraying of coatings (especially when the surface of the substrate is flat)
Blushing
A phenomenon where the surface of the film appears milky white during the drying process of gloss coatings. This is caused by the coagulation of moisture in air on the surface of the film, or the separation of one or more types of solid components in the coatings.
Runs, sags, curtains
Irregular layers of various shapes. These occur when the coating film moves downwards after coatings are applied on vertical surfaces. The layers are usually thicker towards the end. It is caused by inappropriate application of coatings or having layers that are too thick.
Brush mark
Thin lines that occur on the dry coating surface after brushing. Some of the causes are using coatings that dry too fast, using coatings that have too high viscosity, using brushes that are too hard, or inappropriate brushing techniques. These prevents coatings from being smoothened on the surface.
Cratering
A phenomenon where irregular, small, and round dents are formed after the drying of the coatings film.
Lifting
A phenomenon where dry coating films soften, develop slight cambers, or separate from the substrate (usually appeared like having wrinkles) during the application or drying process. It usually occurs when same or different types of coatings are applied on the dry coatings film.
Bleeding
A process where pigmented substance from inner layers (from the substrate or coatings film) starts to enter and diffuse into the outer layers of the film. It causes the film to have unexpected or changing colors.
Popping
A phenomenon where cone-shaped dents appear on the solidified coatings film when active substance pops in the substrate.
Fading
A phenomenon where the color of the coatings fade gradually due to climate and environmental effects. It is mainly caused by the decolorization of pigments in the coatings (especially certain types of organic pigments) under ultraviolet rays.
Yellowing
A process where coatings turn yellow due to the aging.
Loss of gloss
A phenomenon where the gloss of the coatings diminish due to the influence of weather conditions.
Whitening
A phenomenon where the surface of the coatings appear milky white due to an expansion in the shape of a honeycomb after the coatings are soaked in water or petroleum. Slight whitening will fade away after evaporation of the liquid, whereas serious whitening is irreversible even if the liquid evaporates.
Blistering
A process where layers of coatings lose adhesion power in certain parts, resulting in it being separated from the substrate. The blister may contain liquid, vapour, other types of gases, or crystallization.
Cracking
Non-continuous changing of appearance of the coatings film. It is caused by the aging of coatings.
Crocodiling (or alligatoring)
Wide and crocodile-like cracks on the coatings.
Peeling
A phenomenon where the one or more layers of coatings are separated from the substrate and the other layers.
Erosion
A phenomenon where the substrate is exposed due to natural wear and tear of the coatings film.
Chalking
A phenomenon where fine powder appear on the surface of the coatings film due to one or more types of degradation of the base coating, or the disintegration of pigments.
After tack
A phenomenon where tacking occurs on the original dry and non-tacking surface of the coatings film.
Note: This irregularity is caused by the secretion of liquid from short oil, bitumen, or other oxidizing material. It can also be caused by the secretion of gum rosin, oil, or plasticizing agent from the surface of the substrate. It is easily formed in high temperature or high humidity environments.
Mildew-growing
A phenomenon where mildews are grown on the surface of the coatings film in a humid and hot environment.
Rusting
A phenomenon where a layer of oxidized iron that is yellow or red appears on part or the whole surface of the steel beneath the coatings layer. It is usually accompanied with bubbling, cracking, or peeling of the coatings layer.
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